Philosophers, political theorists, and thinkers who shaped modern thought and governance
Father of Western Science and logic.
Foundational text for political science and idealism (The Republic).
Developed the Socratic method and critical inquiry.
Founder of Marxism; inspired socialism and communism.
Father of Modern Capitalism; wrote The Wealth of Nations.
Pioneered natural rights (life, liberty, property).
Pioneered political realism and pragmatic power.
Defined the Social Contract and modern democracy.
Argued for strong central government (Leviathan).
Champion of free speech and separation of church and state.
Pioneer for women's rights and gender equality.
Founder of psychoanalysis; explored the subconscious.
Critiqued traditional morality; influenced existentialism.
Foundational figure for modern second-wave feminism.
Developed the theory of separation of powers.