Map projections always distort something (area, shape, distance, or direction) because a sphere cannot be flattened perfectly.
The Mercator projection preserves direction locally but greatly exaggerates the size of high-latitude regions.
The Robinson projection is a compromise projection that balances area, shape, and distance distortions.
The Peters projection (also called Gall-Peters) preserves area accurately but distorts shapes.
The Winkel Tripel projection is commonly used by the National Geographic Society for world maps.
Topographic maps show elevation and terrain features using contour lines.
Political maps show boundaries between countries, states, and administrative divisions.
Physical maps emphasize natural features like mountains, rivers, and landforms.
Thematic maps display specific data themes such as population density, climate, or economic activity.
Cartography is the art and science of making maps, combining geography, design, and technology.